레이블이 What Are the Different Nutrients인 게시물을 표시합니다. 모든 게시물 표시
레이블이 What Are the Different Nutrients인 게시물을 표시합니다. 모든 게시물 표시

2013년 11월 28일 목요일

About 'nutrition and nutrients'|The Whole Food Philosophy: The Nutrients, And The Mojo







About 'nutrition and nutrients'|The Whole Food Philosophy: The Nutrients, And The Mojo








"An               apple               a               day               keep's               the               doctor               away"               this               old               adage               represents               the               understanding               of               the               relationship               between               the               intake               of               healthy               food               and               physical               well               being               that               people               have               had               for               generations               (Bottomley               &               Mckeown,               2008;               Jacka               &               Berk,               2007).

It               does,               however,               take               more               than               one               apple               each               day               to               maintain               physical               health               it               takes               a               wide               variety               of               nutrients               that               are               found               in               a               well               balanced               varied               diet               and               a               moderate               amount               of               exercise               (MacDonell,               2009).

The               relationship               between               diet               and               exercise               and               mental               health               has               not               been               as               widely               identified               or               accepted               within               the               fields               of               medicine               or               psychology               (Bottomley               &               Mckeown               2008)               historically.

However               recent               research               reported               a               link               between               chronic               health               issues               such               as               obesity               (Bottomley               &               McKeown,               2008;               Isenring,               2008;               Porter               &               Evans,               2008),               chronic               fatigue               syndrome               (Hobday,               et               al,               2008)               heart               disease               and               diabetes               (Isenring,               2008)               and               a               higher               rate               of               mental               issues               such               as               depression               (Bottomley               &               McKeown,               2008;               Jacka               &               Berk,               2007)               and               anxiety               (Bottomley               &               McKeown,               2008)               than               the               general               population.

Further               evidence               has               emerged               that               identified               a               link               between               autism               and               attention               deficit               hyperactivity               disorder               (ADHD)               and               dietary               factors               (Curtis               &               Patel,               2008;               Freeman,               et               al,               2006).

As               the               role               of               diet               and               nutrition               is               increasingly               identified               as               an               important               factor               in               the               acquisition               of               mental               well               being               and               as               mental               health               clients               present               with               more               physical               illness               than               the               general               population               some               in               the               field               have               identified               "an               urgent               need               for               effective               nutrition               and               exercise               interventions               for               the               users               of               mental               health               services"               (Isenring,               2008,               p.

4).

As               the               expertise               needed               to               affect               a               complete               understanding               of               the               physical               and               mental               processes               involved               in               the               body's               assimilation               of               food               is               a               "specialty               in               itself"               (Quinn,               2009,               p.

27)               it               is               not               practical               for               mental               health               professionals               to               attempt               to               acquire               such.

A               more               practical               solution               is               for               mental               health               professionals               to               gain               an               understanding               of               the               dietary               and               lifestyle               factors               of               the               western               cultures               which               contribute               to               the               failing               physical               and               mental               well               being               of               their               clients               as               well               as               those               dietary               and               lifestyle               changes               that               will               support               physical               and               mental               well               being               in               order               to               integrate               that               understanding               into               an               assessment               and               intervention               process.

To               achieve               a               working               knowledge               of               the               impact               of               nutrition,               diet               and               exercise               on               mental               health               and               how               to               help               clients               implement               changes               that               will               support               a               healthy               lifestyle               mental               health               professionals               must               take               into               consideration               the               biological,               cognitive               and               social               influences               involved               in               the               acquisition               of               poor               diet               and               lack               of               exercise               as               well               as               the               processes               involved               in               the               acquisition               of               a               healthy               life               style.
               According               to               Bottomley               &               McKeown               (2008)               there               is               some               evidence               to               link               the               increase               in               mental               health               problems               to               the               transition               in               the               diet               of               western               cultures               from               one               of               whole               foods               to               foods               that               are               more               refined               and               processed.

The               high               fat,               refined               sugar,               nutrient               poor               foods               of               the               typical               American               diet               has               a               negative               effect               on               the               chemical               processes               in               the               brain               which               include               but               are               not               limited               to               the               synthesis               of               the               brain               derived               neurotrophic               factor               (BDNF)               which               is               a               "critically               important               protein               in               psychiatric               illness"               (Jacka               &               Berk,               2007,               p.322)               as               well               as               "the               synthesis,               storage,               release               and               actions               of               neurotransmitters               in               the               central               nervous               system"               (Jacka               &               Berk,               2007,               p.322)               like               dopamine               which               is               responsible               for               emotions               and               feeling               pain               and               pleasure               and               serotonin               which               affects               mood               (Curtis               &               Patel,               2008)               and               feelings               of               happiness               (Curtis               &               Patel,               2008;Schoo,               2008).

A               reduction               of               BDNF               in               the               brain               has               been               linked               to               a               high               saturated               fat               diet,               a               deficiency               in               polyunsaturated               fatty               acids               (PUFAs)               (Omega-3,               Omega-6               &               Omega-9)               and               cognitive               impairment               (Jacka               &               Berk,               2007).

Further               a               deficiency               of               Omega-3               has               been               indicated               in               depression               (Schoo,               2008),               autism               (Harvard               Health               Publications,               2009),               ADHD               (Harvard               Health               Publications,               2009)               as               well               as               a               lower               ability               to               deal               with               stress               (Jacka               &               Berk,               2007).

Other               nutrients               involved               in               the               mental               health               processes               are               folate               (mood),               complex               carbs               (the               production               of               serotonin)               and               tryptophan               (the               production               of               serotonin)               (Bottomley               &               McKeown,               2008).

An               assessment               of               mental               health               clients'               diets               and               exercise               habits               during               an               intake               interview               will               help               mental               health               professionals               to               identify               clients               whose               lifestyles               may               contribute               to               their               mental               health               issues.
               During               an               initial               intake               interview               mental               health               professionals               will               also               assess               the               cognitive               symptoms               which               may               be               associated               with               or               influenced               by               diet               and               lifestyle               choices.

Clients               who               report               symptoms               of               depression               may               have               also               have               poor               attitudes               toward               health               and               little               interest               in               preparing               well               balanced               meals               on               a               daily               basis               (Iizaka,               Tadaka               &               Hiromi,               2008).

Further               obese               clients               with               anxiety               or               depression               may               also               have               feelings               of               shame               due               to               their               weight               (Bottomley               &               McKeown,               2008).

Clients               with               feelings               of               low               self               efficacy               may               also               have               poor               eating               habits,               little               variety               in               their               diet               and               a               poor               understanding               of               their               own               health               issues               (Iizaka,               Tadaka               &               Hiromi,               2008).

In               children               with               ADHD               food               allergies,               sugar               and               food               additives               have               been               reported               to               worsen               symptoms               of               inattention               and               hyperactivity               (Harvard               Health               Publications,               2009).

Mental               fatigue               has               been               reported               in               clients               with               chronic               fatigue               syndrome               which               was               reported               to               be               alleviated               by               a               healthy               diet               (Hobday,               et               al,               2008).

Other               cognitive               symptoms               related               to               poor               nutrition               and               poor               health               are               concentration               problems,               poor               memory               and               irritability               (Schoo,               2008).
               The               mental               health               professional               must               also               take               into               consideration               the               social               and               environmental               factors               that               affect               a               client's               diet,               exercise               and               lifestyle               choices.

Poor               diet               is               often               related               to               socioeconomic               status,               many               individuals               can               not               afford               to               eat               a               healthy               varied               diet               and               economic               considerations               keep               them               from               focusing               on               their               health               in               general.

Another               factor               that               influences               diet               and               lifestyle               choices               are               the               eating               habits               and               the               attitude               about               health               and               fitness               of               the               family               of               origin               which               are               often               carried               on               to               adulthood               (Schoo,               2008).

Further               the               messages               an               individual               receives               from               media               and               other               sources               of               information               about               the               importance               of               health               and               fitness               can               influence               a               person's               attitude               about               health               and               wellness.

An               understanding               of               how               an               individual               attained               attitudes               about               health               and               wellness               along               with               the               biological               and               cognitive               assessments               will               help               a               mental               health               professional               design               a               comprehensive               intervention               plan               with               the               goal               of               gaining               mental               health               and               well               being               for               the               client.
               According               to               the               literature               a               comprehensive               intervention               plan               will               include               healthy               diets,               and               nutritional               supplements,               exercise,               and               lowered               stress.

In               order               to               avoid               a               client               feeling               overwhelmed               by               what               may               be               a               large               amount               of               changes               in               their               daily               lives               a               progressive               implementation               of               the               intervention               plan               is               suggested               (Bottomley               &               McKeown,               2008).

Initially               a               mental               health               professionals               interested               in               a               multi               faceted               approach               to               their               clients               mental               well               being               will               first               implement               one               to               three               brisk               ten               minute               walks               per               day               (Bottomley               &               McKeown,               2008;               Sutherland,               Sutherland               &               Hoehns,               2003)               walking               is               easy,               safe,               costs               nothing               and               most               people               can               fit               3               short               brisk               walks               into               their               days               whereas               one               30               minute               walk               may               be               more               difficult               to               plan               (Sykes,               2009).

The               benefits               of               walking               have               been               shown               to               be               many.

Those               who               take               brisk               walks               regularly               enjoy               more               energy,               strengthened               immune               systems,               lowered               stress               and               enhanced               mental               well               being               (Sykes,               2009).

Further               those               who               walked               briskly               three               times               a               day               for               10               minutes               were               found               to               have               lost               more               weight               and               inches               than               individuals               who               waked               briskly               for               30               minutes               (Sykes,               2009)
               Along               with               the               walking               phase               the               mental               health               professional               will               suggest               nutritional               supplements               which               involve               the               addition               of               omega               3               (Curtis               &               Patel,               2008;Freeman,               et               al,               2006;               Jacka               &               Berk,               2007),               omega               6               and               omega               9               (Curtis               &               Patel,               2008),               zinc               (Curtis               &               Patel,               2008;               Harvard               Health               Publications,               2009),               iron,               magnesium               (Curtis               &               Patel,               2008;               Harvard               Health               Publications,               2009),               vitamin               B               complex               (Curtis               &               Patel,               2008;               Harvard               Health               Publications,               2009),               Selenium               (Harvard               Health               Publications,               2009)               vitamin               D               (Harvard               Health               Publications,               2009;               Schoo,               2008)               vitamin               E               (Harvard               Health               Publications,               2009;               Jacka               &               Berk,               2007)               and               folate               (Quinn,               2009).

Although               a               healthy               diet               will               also               be               implemented,               it               is               essential               to               give               the               client               the               best               opportunity               to               begin               to               gain               the               benefits               of               nutrition               immediately               and               on               a               consistent               basis.
               During               the               walking/supplementation               phase               the               client               will               keep               an               eating               journal.

Once               the               healthy               diet               phase               begins               the               mental               health               professional               will               use               the               eating               journal               to               identify               those               factors               within               the               diet               that               need               to               be               changed.

It               is               important               that               the               changes               be               made               gradually               and               at               a               pace               that               does               not               induce               feelings               of               deprivation               on               the               client's               part.

The               goal               for               this               phase               is               to               move               toward               a               time               when               the               client               includes               more               vegetables,               fruits,               and               lean               meats               than               unhealthy               foods.

In               order               to               educate               the               client               without               taking               up               important               time               during               sessions               the               mental               health               professional               should               have               a               good               amount               of               written               information               as               well               as               online               resources               to               assist               the               client.
               At               the               same               time               the               exercise               and               nutrition               phases               are               implemented               a               portion               of               the               time               spent               during               sessions               will               be               spent               assessing               the               client's               physical               symptoms               as               well               as               the               client's               cognitive               and               emotional               reactions               to               the               changes               they               are               making               in               their               lives.

Further               the               mental               health               professional               will               ask               the               client               to               identify               those               cognitive,               social               and               environmental               factors               which               may               be               discouraging               those               changes.

The               remainder               of               the               session               will               consist               of               an               ongoing               assessment               of               the               client's               personal               skills,               abilities               and               attitudes               in               order               to               identify               areas               which               may               need               to               be               made               addressed               as               the               intervention               progresses.

This               assessment               will               include               but               not               be               limited               to               the               changes               being               made               in               the               areas               of               nutrition               and               exercise               and               must               also               address               the               mental               health               concerns               which               caused               the               client               to               initially               seek               mental               health               services.
               References               
               Bottomley,               A.

&               Mckeown,               J.

(2008)               Promoting               nutrition               for               people               with               mental               health               
               problems.

Nursing               Standard,               22(49),               48-55.
               Curtis,               L.

T.

&               Patel,               K.

(2008)               Nutritional               and               environmental               approaches               to               preventing               and               
               treating               autism               and               attention               deficit               hyperactivity               disorder               (ADHD):               A               review.

The               
               Journal               of               Alternative               and               Complementary               Medicine,               14(1),               79-85.
               Freeman,               M.

P,               Hibbeln,               J.

R.,               Wisner,               K.

L.,               Watchman,               M.

&               Gelenburg,               A.

J.

(2006)               
               An               
               open               trial               of               omega-3               fatty               acids               for               depression               in               pregnancy.

Blackwell               
               Munksgaard,               
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               Harvard               Health               Publications               (2009)               Diet               and               attention               deficit               hyperactivity               disorder.

Harvard               Mental               Health               Letter.

Retrieved               from               www.health.harvard.edu
               Hobday,               R.

A.,               Thomas,               S.,               O'Donovan,               A.,               Murphy,               M.

&               Pinching,               A.

J.

(2008)               
               dietary               intervention               in               chronic               fatigue               syndrome.

Journal               of               Human               Nutrition               and               Diet,               21,               141-149.
               Iizaka,               S.,               Tadaka,               E.

&               Hiromi,               S.

(2008)               Comprehensive               assessment               of               nutritional               status               and               associated               factors               in               the               healthy,               community-dwelling               elderly.

Japan               
               Geriatrics               Society,               24-31.
               Isenring,               E.

(2008)               Nutrition               and               mental               health               research:               Where               to               from               here?

Nutrition               and               Dietetics,               65,               4-5
               Jacka,               F.

&               Berk,               M.

(2007)               Food               for               thought.

Acta               Neuropschiatrica,               19,               321-323.
               MacDonell,               J.

(2009)               The               role               of               the               dietician               in               improving               mental               wellbeing.

Mental               Health               Practice,               12(6),               21-22.
               Porter,               J.

&               Evans               (2008)               Nutrition               and               mental               health               research               in               Australia               and               New               Zealand:               A               review               of               progress               and               directions               for               the               future.

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               65,               6-9.
               Quinn,               C.

(2009)               Supplements               for               mental               health.

Mental               Health               Practice,               12(9),               26-27
               Schoo,               A.

(2008)               Counseling:               Working               with               different               personalities               and               behaviors               to               
               improve               and               maintain               mental               and               physical               well-being.

International               Journal               of               Reality               Therapy,               28(1),               34-40.
               Sutherland,               J.

E.,               Sutherland,               S.

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(2003)               Achieving               the               best               outcome               in               treatment               of               depression.

The               Journal               of               Family               Practice,               52(3),               201-209.
               Sykes,               K.

(2009)               Healthy               steps.

Occupational               Health,               61(9),               40-43.






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